UN Habitat : Solid Waste Management in The World’s Cities 2010
Water and Sanitation in The World’s Cities 2010
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FOREWORD
Regardless of the context, managing solid waste is one of biggest challenges of the urban areas of all sizes, from mega-cities to the small towns and large villages, which are home to the majority of humankind. It is almost always in the top five of the most challenging problems for city managers. It is somewhat strange that it receives so little attention compared to other urban management issues.
The quality of waste management services is a good indicator of a city’s governance. The way in which waste is produced and discarded gives us a key insight into how people live. In fact if a city is dirty, the local administration may be considered ineffective or its residents may be accused of littering.
Available data show that cities spend a substantial proportion of their available recurrent budget on solid waste management, yet waste collection rates for cities in low- and middle-income countries range from a low of 10 per cent in peri-urban areas to a high of 90 per cent in commercial city centres.
Many developing and transitional country cities have active informal sector recycling, reuse and repair systems, which are achieving recycling rates comparable to those in the West, at no cost to the formal waste management sector. Not only does the informal recycling sector provide livelihoods to huge numbers of the urban poor, but they may save the city as much as 15 to 20 per cent of its waste management budget by reducing the amount of waste that would otherwise have to be collected and disposed of by the city. This form of inclusion in solid waste management shows how spectacular
results can be achieved where the involvement of the informal sector is promoted.
The struggle for achieving the Millennium Development Goal and related targets for water and sanitation is being waged in our cities, towns and villages where solid wastes are generated. It is at this level that policy initiatives on solid waste management become operational reality and an eminently political affair: conflicts have to be resolved and consensus found among competing interests and parties.
This publication, Solid Waste Management in the World Cities, is the third edition in UN-HABITAT’s State of Water and Sanitation in the World Cities series. It aims to capture the world’s current waste management trends and draw attention to the importance of waste management, especially regarding its role in reaching the UN Millennium Development Goals. The publication acknowledges the escalating challenges in solid waste management across the globe. It seeks to showcase the good work that is being done on solid waste by cities around the world, large and small, rich and poor. It chieves this by looking at what drives change in solid waste management, how cities find local solutions and what seems to work best under different circumstances. The publication endeavours to help decision-makers, practitioners and ordinary citizens understand how a solid waste management system works and to inspire people everywhere to make their own decisions on the next steps in developing a solution appropriate to their own city’s particular circumstances and needs. Most readers will never travel to all the 20 cities featured in this report, but through this publication they will have access to real experiences of people working on the ground. We hope it will provide a reference point for managing solid waste in the world’s cities and towns, and that many will follow in the footsteps of our authors, and we can move to an improved set of global reference data.
Anna Tibaijuka
Under-Secretary General, United Nations
Executive Director, UN-Habitat
CONTENTS
Foreword v
Acknowledgements vi
Contents ix
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes xii
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii
A Note to Decision-Makers xix
Key Sheet 1: Modernizing Solid Waste in the Asian Tigers xxvi
1 Executive Summary 1
Bharati Chaturvedi
2 Introduction and Key Concepts 3
Introducing this book 3
About the authors 5
About the organization of this book 6
The scale of the solid waste problem 6
What is municipal solid waste (MSW)? 6
Key Sheet 2: Special Waste Streams 8
Taking the measure of MSW 11
Managing more and more waste 13
Key Sheet 3: Health Risks Related to Solid Waste Management 14
Learning from history 19
The role of development drivers in solid waste modernization 19
Modernization of solid waste management systems in developed countries 20
The solid waste challenge in developing and transitional country cities 21
Moving towards sustainable solutions 22
Solid waste and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 22
The integrated sustainable waste management (ISWM) framework 23
Sustainability in solid waste management is possible 23
Dare to innovate 25
Key Sheet 4: Recyclers and Climate Change 26
3 Profiling the Reference Cities 28
Selecting the reference cities 28
Understanding the reference cities 30
Methodology 31
Information quality 38
Quick look at the main indicators in the reference cities 39
City indicators 39
Interpreting the data 39
Description of each indicator 39
City Inserts 41
Adelaide 46
Bamako 48
Belo Horizonte 50
Bengaluru 52
Cañete 54
Curepipe 56
Delhi 58
Dhaka 60
Ghorahi 62
Kunming 64
Lusaka 66
Managua 68
Moshi 70
Nairobi 72
Quezon City 74
Rotterdam 76
San Francisco 78
Sousse 80
Tompkins County 82
Varna 84
4 The Three Key Integrated Sustainable Waste Management System Elements
in the Reference Cities 87
Waste collection: Protecting public health 87
Basic issues 87
Insights from the reference cities and global good practice in waste collection 89
Key Sheet 5: Examples of Municipal Waste Collection and Transfer Systems 90
Key Sheet 6: Emerging Global Good Practice in the Design of Small-Scale Solid Waste Equipment:
The Situation in Solid Waste Divisions in Cities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 93
Waste treatment and disposal: Front lines of environmental protection 104
Basic issues 104
Key Sheet 7: Draft Report of the Inaugural Meeting on the Regional 3R Forum in Asia,
11–12 November 2009 106
Insights from the reference cities and global good practices in waste disposal 108
Key Sheet 8: Phasing Out Open Dumps 111
Resource management: Valorizing recyclables and organic materials and conserving resources 116
Basic issues 116
Key Sheet 9: Waste Concern and World Wide Recycling: Financing Dhaka Market Composting
with Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) and Carbon Credits 117
Key Sheet 10: Building the Private Sector and Reducing Poverty through Sustainable Recycling
in South-Eastern Europe 124
Key Sheet 11: Key Insights on Recycling in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, from the
GTZ/CWG (2007) Informal-Sector Study 128
Key Sheet 12: The Dutch Approach to Producer Responsibility 133
Insights from the reference cities and global good practices in resource recovery 134
5 Integrated Sustainable Waste Management Governance Features in the
Reference Cities 141
Inclusivity 141
Key issues and concepts 141
Key Sheet 13: WIEGO, Its Work on Waste-Pickers and the First World Encounter of
Waste-Pickers in Colombia in 2008 145
Key Sheet 14: First World Conference and Third Latin American Conference of Waste-Pickers,
Bogotá, Colombia, 1–4 March 2008 146
Inclusivity in the reference cities and global good practices 149
User inclusivity: Consultation, communication and involvement of users 149
Key Sheet 15: The Evidence Base for Household Waste Prevention: How Best to Promote
Voluntary Actions by Households 150
Key Sheet 16: The International Labour Organization and the Model of Micro-Franchising in East Africa 157
Financial sustainability 164
Collection 164
Disposal 165
Key Sheet 17: Closure and Upgrading of the Open Dumpsite at Pune, India 167
Resource management and sustainable finance 169
Insights from the reference cities and global good practices in financial sustainability 170
Key Sheet 18: Solid Waste, Recycling and Carbon Financing: Fact or Fiction? 179
Sound institutions, proactive policies 184
Issues 184
Key Sheet 19: Waste Management and Governance: Collaborative Approaches for
Public Service Delivery 187
Cities and experience with good governance practices 191
6 Reflections and Recommendations 203
Reflecting back on the key messages of the book 203
Lessons from the cities 204
Local solutions to local problems 204
Different approaches to a similar problem 205
Data is power: Indicators of good practice in integrated sustainable waste management 206
Putting integrated sustainable waste management into practice 207
Consider all the dimensions of integrated sustainabile waste management 207
Building recycling rates 207
A focus on waste reduction 208
Use all available sources of finance 209
Our key conclusion 210
Moving towards financial sustainability and the role of donors 210
Closing words: What makes an ISWM system sustainable? 212
Glossary of Terms 213
References 217
Index 223
original source : https://unhabitat.org/books/solid-waste-management-in-the-worlds-cities-water-and-sanitation-in-the-worlds-cities-2010-2/
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